英语简写[zt from: douban]

1ce　　 once

2　　　　 to
26y4u　　 too sexy for you
2day　　　today
2mor　　　tomorrow
2moro　　 tomorrow
2morrow　 tomorrow
2nite　　 tonight

3sum　　　threesome

4　　　　 for

911　　　 emergency - call me

add　　　 address
afaik　　 as far as i know
agreemt　 agreement
aka　　　 also known as
asap　　　as soon as possible
atb　　　 all the best
ayor　　　at your own risk

b　　　　 be
b/c　　　 because
b4　　　　before
b4n　　　 or bfn bye for now
bbl　　　 be back late(r)
bcnu　　　be seeing you
b''day　　 birthday
bhl8　　　be home late
bil　　　 boss is listening
brb　　　 be right back
btdt　　　been there done that
btw　　　 by the way
buzz　　　off buzz off


c　　　　 see
cid　　　 consider it done
cmi　　　 call me
coz　　　 because
ctr　　　 center
cu　　　　see you
cu　　　　@ see you around
cub　　　 l8r call you back later
cul　　　 see you later
cul8tr　　see you later
cuz　　　 because
cya see you
cyr bos　　call your boss
cyr bro 　 call your brother
cyr h　　　call your husband
cyr ma　　call your mother
cyr ofis　 call your office
cyr pa　　call your father
cyr sis　　call your sister
cyr wf　　 call your wife


da　　　　the
don　　　 doing
dylm　　　do you like me


ez　　　　easy


f2f　　　 face to face
f2t　　　 free to talk
fotflol　 falling on the floor, laughing out loud
fyi　　　 for your information


gal　　　 get a life
gr8　　　 great
grt　　　 great
gtg　　　 got to go
gudluk　　good luck


h8　　　　hate
hak　　　 hugs and kisses
hand　　　have a nice day
hot4u　　 hot for you
how r u　 how are you
hp　　　　handphone


ic　　　　i see
iluvu　　 i love you
im2gud4u　i''m too good for you
imho　　　in my humble opinion
imnsho　　in my not so humble opinion
imtng　　 in meeting
iyq　　　 i like you


j/k 　 just kidding
jhb　　　 johannesburg
jic　　　 just in case
jk　　　　just kdding


k　　　　 okay
kit　　　 keep in touch
kwim　　　know what i mean


l8　　　　late
l8er　　　later
l8r　　　 later
l&n landing
ldn　　　 london
lol　　　 laughing out loud or loads of love
luv　　　 love
lv　　　　love
lyn　　 lying


m8　　　　mate
mgmt　　　management
mmfu　　　my mate fancies you
mob　　　 mobile
msg　　　 message
msia　　　malaysia
mtfbwu　　may the force be with you
mtg　　　 meeting
mth　　　 month
myob　　　mind your own business


n　　　　 and
n　　　　 case in case
n/a　　　 not applicable
ne　　　　any
ne1　　　 anyone
nethng　　anything
niting　　anything
no1　　　 no one
nufn　 nothing
np　　　　no problem
nvm　　　 never mind


oic　　　 oh, i see
omg　　　 oh, my god


paw　　　 parents are watching
pcm　　　 please call me
pcme　　 please call me
pl& 　 planned
pls　　　 please
plz　　　 please
plz4gv me　please forgive me
po$bl　　 possible
ppl　　　 people
prl　　　 parents are listening
puks　　　pick up kids


r　　　　 are
rgds　　　regards
ringl8　　running late
rtfm　　　read the flippin'' manual
ru　　　　are you
rucmng　　 are you coming
ruok　　　 are you ok?


shopn　 shopping
sit　　　 stay in touch
soz　　　 sorry
spk　　　 speak
stfu　　　shut the flip up
sum1　　　someone


tel　　　 telephone
thanq　　 thank you
thkq　　　thank you
thx　　　 thanks
tmb　　　 text me back
tq　　　　thank you
ttyl　　　talk to you later
tx　　　　thanks
txt　　　 bac text back
tyvm　　　thank you very much



u　　　　 you
ur　　　　your
ura*　　　you are a star
uraqt　　 you are a cutie


w/　　　　with
w/o　　　 without
w8　　　　wait
w84m　　　wait for me
waiting　 w8n
wan2　　　want to
wan2tlk　 want to talk?
wbs　　　 with
wearing　 a walkman
wel　　　 well
wiv　　　 write back soon
wknd　　　weekend
wot　　　 what
wru　　　 where are you?
wu　　　　what''s up?
wud?　　　what you doing
wygowm　　will you go out with me


x　　　　 kiss
xlnt　　　excellent
xoxox　　 hugs and kisses


y　　　　 why
yr　　　　your
yyssw　　 yeah yeah sure sure whatever

NBER这期的bulletin-2011-5

很久没有跟新了，最近很是纠结，人生不总是风顺，转折加上旅行，不知道下一站在哪？

NBER这期的bulletin介绍几篇好看的aging和health的wp：

Using Nudges in Exercise Commitment Contracts讲文章"Committing to Exercise: Contract Design for Virtuous Habit Formation" (NBER Working Paper 16624), 作者Jeremy Goldhaber-Fiebert, Erik Blumenkranz, and Alan Garber。他们用网站(www.stickk.com)为基础的合同方式来做随机控制实验来检定财务小nudges对人们是否忠于锻炼允诺的效果，很是有趣。因为里面运用行为经济学关于人对长期、短期决策的假定，到卫生经济学关于weight loss的研究范畴中，又用了网络来做随机试验，实在是亮点多多。

The Effect of Rising Health Care Costs on U.S. Tax Rates 美国的高比例H-GDP是个问题吗？如果大部分决策权是个人手里的话，那是国民自己的意愿，关谁卵事呢（当然States的问题没那么简单，公司买保很多，政府税收预算大把纠葛）？哎~ 先假设这是个big issue吧。Katherine Baicker and Jonathan Skinner的" Health Care Spending Growth and the Future of U.S. Tax Rates" (NBER Working Paper 16772). 自发展了一个宏观模型讨论高比例H-GDP、税收、消费和劳动力供给等因素间的互相作用，我头大！写评论的人最后写到While most observers of the U.S. health care system conclude that there must be a break in the trend of rising real health care costs at some point, it is not clear what policy or condition would effect that change. This study suggests "strains on the revenue-raising system may exert a natural brake on health care spending, and thus may be a key (albeit inefficient) mechanism for constraining overall health care spending growth."欧洲70年代一些国家高tax-GDP比例的国家后来在H-GDP比例上控制得好，虽然效率不咋地，那么堂堂US也要左转看齐用低效的"strains on the revenue-raising system（没看懂！）"来踩啥车吗？

[Excerpt] From J. Goodman's Bureaucrats vs. Entrepreneurs

[Excerpt] From J. Goodman's Bureaucrats vs. Entrepreneurs:

I used to think the biggest obstacle to getting agreement about health care reform was ideology (socialism vs. capitalism). Then I decided it was sociology (engineers vs. economists). I now am inclined to believe it ispsychology (bureaucrats vs. entrepreneurs).

• The Google Lunar X Prize offers $30 million to the first privately-funded team to land a robot on the moon.
• The Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge offers $1 million to the team that is most successful at cleaning up oil spills.
• The Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize awarded $10 million to three teams that built cars achieving 100 miles per gallon in real world driving.

What caused the shift in my thinking was a post the other day in which I recounted Atul Gwande's description of Dr. Jeffrey Brenner in The New Yorker. Brenner is a true entrepreneur. He discovered that a small number of patients were generating a very large share of medical costs and he found that he could save society millions of dollars by treating these patients in unconventional ways. By unconventional, I mean doing things that Medicare, Medicaid (and Blue Cross, for that matter) do not pay for.

To my knowledge, there is no award for any discovery in paying for or delivering health care, however, with one exception noted below. Heritage Provider Network is offering a $3 million prize "to anyone who can build the algorithm that best predicts which patients will be hospitalized and for how many days over the course of a year, based on a given data set." See the description in Slate.

weblinks 2011-4-19

NBER

The Psychological Costs of War: Military Combat and Mental Health 战争导致的心理卫生服务成本=2Billion Dollars

Broadening Focus: Spillovers, Complementarities and Specialization in the Hospital Industry 医院组织层面的专业化及其溢出效应

School accountability laws and the consumption of psychostimulants

Farasat A.S.Bokhari, Helen Schneider, Journal of Health Economics, Volume 30, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 355-372

过去几十年许多州(US)制定不同级别的问责(accountability)法案--这也成就了Bush在2001年的No Child Left Behind Act。法案本来是要促进学生的成绩和学校教学质量，但是呢，因为不同地区不同学校对此方法的意愿和措施级别有差异，客观上形成了一种自然试验。这个政策的一个意外的后果是其问责压力对在校学生注意缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder , ADHD)医疗诊断和后续治疗的影响。利用这个自然试验一般的条件，居然发现了法案越严厉的地方更易诊断出ADHD，并开出中枢兴奋剂(psychostimulant)的处方药物。但是给定诊断而言，法案并没有进一步改变患者接受药物治疗的概率。

Primary Care Outcomes in Patients Treated by Nurse Practitioners or Physicians

原来很多年前（2000）就有人做随机试验发现护士和医生的产出差不多，至少 In an ambulatory care situation in which patients were randomly assigned to either nurse practitioners or physicians, and where nurse practitioners had the same authority, responsibilities, productivity and administrative requirements, and patient population as primary care physicians, patients' outcomes were comparable.

HE之06/07最佳论文摘要

Therapeutic non-adherence: a rational behavior revealing patient preferences? Karine Lamiraud^1,*,  Pierre-Yves Geoffard^1,2,3   Article first published online: 15 FEB 2007

这篇得了06/07年HE最佳的论文让我一头雾水，好量化啊，题目叫"治疗非依附性：这是一种揭示病人偏好的理性行为吗？"我决定翻一下其摘要：

文章基于病人是否遵从他们接受的处方来提供一种对病人福祉的间接测评手段。依附行为(Adherence behavior)被认为是可揭示病人对某种治疗的主观评价。我们写了一段简单的病人依附行为的理论模型—其反应了可知成本(perceived costs)和可知疗效(observed regimen efficacy)之间的权衡。一个离散选择框架(discrete choice framework)被用来进行估计，如两种药物摄入治疗所产生受益的比较。所以实证分析是基于对"与依附性相关的病人特征和药物特征"之间的识别。经济计量方法是通过一个联合分析"与依附性、病人对治疗反应相关的影响因素"的双变量面板双方程模拟系统进行研究的。数据来自1999-2001在法国进行的一个比较两种HIV 三疗法(tritherapy)的随机临床试验。

理论和实证结果都认为，对于可比较的临床疗效和毒理级别而言，更高的依附性和更好的病人福祉是相关的，因此研究为仅仅是生物统计分析产生的结论增加了更有价值的参考信息。所以从病人感知来说，依附性增加(adherence-enhancing)的药物必定是受偏爱的。我们基于面板数据的结果还认为，无法观测的病人特征是解释病人对药物评价的主要因素，而且治疗过程中病人对药物的评价是会改变的。另外我们提供了对依附性数据分析的一个新框架。这个微观计量框架强调非依附性是内生行为，这为改进依附性提出了新的途径。

Abstract

This paper offers an indirect measure of patient welfare based on whether patients comply with the prescription they receive. Adherence behavior is supposed to reveal patients' subjective valuations of particular therapies. We write a simple theoretical model of patient adherence behavior, that reflects the trade-off between perceived costs and observed regimen efficacy. A discrete choice framework is then used for the estimation, i.e. the comparison of the incremental benefit of drug intake between two regimens. Consequently, the empirical analysis is based on the identification of patient and drug characteristics associated with adherence. The econometric approach is implemented through a bivariate panel two-equation simultaneous system studying jointly the factors associated with adherence and response to treatment. The data come from a randomized clinical trial conducted in France between 1999 and 2001 and comparing the efficacy of two tritherapy strategies in HIV disease.

Both the theoretical and empirical results suggest that, for comparable clinical efficacy and toxicity levels, a higher adherence level is associated with higher patient welfare, thus adding valuable information to conclusions drawn by a mere biostatistical analysis. Therefore, from the perspective of the patient, the adherence-enhancing drug must be favored. Our results based on panel data also stress that unobserved patient characteristics account substantially for drug valuation and that the assessment evolves during the course of the treatment. Furthermore, we provide a new framework for the analysis of adherence data. The microeconometric framework highlights that non-adherence is an endogenous behavior, thus suggesting new ways for improving adherence.

Keywords: drug valuation method; revealed preferences; endogenous adherence behavior; panel bivariate probit estimation; HIV